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Introdução: as parasitoses intestinais são doenças que apresentam um problema de saúde mundial, causando grandes problemas nutricionais, onde sua ocorrência varia de acordo com o clima de cada região e condições socioeconômicas. Regiões que apresentam climas trópicos com umidade, altos índices de chuvas e temperaturas elevadas associadas com a falta de informações sobre as enteroparasitoses merecem atenção. Objetivo: o presente trabalho buscou avaliar os tipos de enteroparasitoses entre os anos de 2018 a 2020 em uma parcela da população de um município da Amazônia Ocidental, mais especificamente, (i) avaliar os tipos de enteroparasitoses que acometem a população entre os períodos de inundação e estiagem; (ii) avaliar a influência das enteroparasitoses em indivíduos de acordo com o gênero e a faixa etária ao longo de três anos. Metodologia: as coletas de dados foram realizadas entre os anos de 2018 a 2020, por meio de análises de planilhas concedidas pelo laboratório de análises clinicas LABSUL. Resultados: foram avaliados 4236 exames de fezes, sendo que apenas 1396 foram positivos para enteroparasitoses. Dos quais a maior parte foi causada por protozoários (58,69%) que acometeram principalmente Mulheres, jovens e crianças nos períodos de inundação. Conclusão: diante disso, os dados demonstraram que as enteroparasitoses acometem com frequência uma parcela da população local. Além de trazer informações que podem reforçar a necessidade da implementação do sistema de saneamento básico, juntamente com campanhas de conscientização populacional a respeito das vias de contaminação e da forma de propagação dessas infecções.
Introduction: intestinal parasites are diseases that present a worldwide health problem, causing major nutritional problems, where their occurrence varies according to the climate of each region and socioeconomic conditions. Regions that have tropical climates with humidity, high levels of rainfall and high temperatures associated with a lack of information on entero-parasitosis deserve attention. Objective: the present work sought to evaluate the types of intestinal parasites between the years 2018 to 2020 in a portion of the population of a municipality in the Western Amazon, more specifically, (i) to evaluate the types of entero-parasitosis that affect the population between periods of flooding and drought; (ii) to evaluate the influence of entero-parasitosis in individuals according to gender and age group over three years. Methodology: data collection was carried out between the years 2018 to 2020, through analysis of spreadsheets provided by the clinical analysis laboratory LABSUL. Results: 4236 stool exams were evaluated, of which only 1396 were positive for entero-parasitosis. Most of which were caused by protozoa (58.69%) that mainly affected women, young people and children during flood periods. Conclusion: in view of this, the data showed that intestinal parasites frequently affect a portion of the local population. In addition to bringing information that can reinforce the need to implement the basic sanitation system, together with population awareness campaigns regarding the routes of contamination and the way in which these infections spread.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Parasitic Diseases , Parasitology , Helminthiasis , Seasons , Cross-Sectional Studies , Observational StudyABSTRACT
In Brazil, lamb producers face challenges raising their animals because of high anthelmintic resistance and loss of productivity due to parasites. It is well known that parasitic infections can reduce the performance of sheep. However, until the publication of this work, no research was found that quantified the effects that anemia reflected by FAMACHA© scores can exert on other zootechnical indicators in a lamb production system. The objective of this study was to use the FAMACHA© scores to quantify the impacts of anemia in ewes at breeding and lambing on the productive and reproductive performance of a meat sheep flock. The variables evaluated were i) FAMACHA© score of ewes at breeding and lambing, ii) body condition score of ewes at breeding and at lambing, iii) average daily gain of lambs until weaning, iv) ewe's age, v) birth weights per individual lamb and litter, vi) weaning weight, vii) ewe's weight, viii) litter size and ix) pre-weaning survival. The treatments evaluated corresponded to the FAMACHA© score of the ewes during breeding and lambing. Quantitative responses were submitted to analyses of variance and compared by Duncan's test. In contrast, qualitative or discrete responses were evaluated by the Kruskal & Wallis test and compared to Dunn's test. The Wilcoxon test was performed to compare the FAMACHA©scores of ewes at breeding and lambing. All statistical analyzes were performed using the R-Studio software version 4.2.0 at a 5% significance level. The FAMACHA© score of breeding ewes was related to the body condition score at breeding, ewe weight, pre-weaning survival, ewe age, litter size, and birth weight. Furthermore, the FAMACHA© score of ewes at lambing was related to the body condition score at lambing, ewe weight, pre-weaning survival, birth weight per lamb and litter, pre-weaning average daily gain, weaning weight, and age of the ewe. There was no significant difference between the test times of the FAMACHA© scores of the ewes, indicating that an ewe will present a similar score at both stages. It was concluded that ewes with FAMACHA© scores of 4 and 5 and their offspring showed the worst productive and reproductive performances. Conversely, the ewes with FAMACHA© 1 obtained the opposite result, demonstrating better technical performance.(AU)
No Brasil, produtores de cordeiros enfrentam desafios na criação de seus animais devido à alta resistência anti-helmíntica e perda de produtividade devido a parasitoses. Sabe-se que as infecções parasitárias podem reduzir o desempenho de matrizes ovinas, contudo, até a elaboração desse trabalho não foram encontradas pesquisas que mensuraram os efeitos que a anemia refletida pelos graus FAMACHA© podem exercer sobre outros indicadores zootécnicos em um sistema de produção de cordeiros. Sendo assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi quantificar os impactos das verminoses em matrizes ovinas, representadas pelo grau FAMACHA©, durante a estação de monta e a parição, no desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de um rebanho ovino de corte. As variáveis avaliadas foram: i) grau FAMACHA© das matrizes à monta e ao parto, ii) escore de condição corporal das matrizes à monta e ao parto, iii) ganho médio diário até o desmame, iv) idade da matriz, v) pesos dos cordeiros ao nascer individual e por parto, vi) peso ao desmame, vii) peso da matriz, viii) prolificidade e ix) sobrevivência pré-desmame. Os tratamentos avaliados corresponderam ao grau FAMACHA© das matrizes durante a monta e parto. As respostas quantitativas foram submetidas à análise de variância e comparadas pelo teste de Duncan, já as respostas qualitativas ou discretas foram avaliadas pelo teste de Kruskal & Wallis e comparadas pelo teste de Dunn. Realizou-se o teste de Wilcoxon para comparar os graus FAMACHA© das matrizes nos momentos de monta e parto. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas no software R-Studio versão 4.2.0 ao nível de 5% de significância. O grau FAMACHA© das matrizes à monta foi relativo ao escore de condição corporal à monta, peso da matriz, sobrevivência pré-desmame, idade da matriz, prolificidade e peso ao nascer coletivo por parto. Já o grau FAMACHA© das matrizes ao parto foi relativo ao escore de condição corporal ao parto, peso da matriz, sobrevivência pré-desmame, pesos ao nascer individual e coletivo por parto, ganho médio diário pré-desmame, peso ao desmame e idade da matriz. Não houve diferença significativa entre os momentos dos graus FAMACHA© das matrizes, indicando que uma ovelha manterá um grau FAMACHA© similar em ambas as fases. Conclui-se que ovelhas com graus FAMACHA© 4 e 5, assim como suas crias, apresentaram os piores desempenhos produtivos e reprodutivos. Em contrapartida, as matrizes com FAMACHA©1 obtiveram o resultado oposto, mostrando indicadores zootécnicos com valores mais eficientes ao sistema de produção.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Parasitic Diseases, Animal , Sheep/parasitology , Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods , Anthelmintics , BrazilABSTRACT
Objective: To identify the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) among school-age children in the Cagayan Valley, the Philippines, assess their level of awareness on the disease, and determine predisposing factors of the disease. Methods: A total of 478 Grades III-V school-age children in Pamplona and Sanchez-Mira School Districts in the Cagayan Valley answered the questionnaire assessing their knowledge, attitude, and practices on STH, subjected to anthropometric measurements, and provided faecal samples for parasitologic assessment (direct smear, Kato-Katz, and formol-ether concentration techniques). Results: The participants of the study, with 55.86% females, were 8 to 14 years old. Their nutritional status was assessed 'normal' (84.31%), 'severely wasted' (6.49%), 'wasted' (5.23%), 'overweight' (2.72%), and 'obese' (1.26%). The prevalence of infection with at least 1 STH species was 25.99% in Pamplona and 19.40% in Sanchez- Mira. Overall, the prevalence of heavy intensity was 7.11% for Ascaris lumbricoides and 1.67% for Trichuris trichiura. All hookworm infections had light intensities. The majority of the school-age children had a low score in the KAP test. In knowledge of STH, 'stunted growth as a symptom of infection' was associated with a lower risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection (OR 0.448; 95% CI 0.212, 0.945; P=0.035) while 'playing with soil as a mode of transmission' was associated with an increased risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection (OR 2.067; 95% CI 1.014, 4.212; P=0.046). In attitude towards STH, 'I think I have intestinal worm now' was associated with a higher risk of Ascaris lumbricoides infection (OR 1.681; 95% CI 1.061, 2.662; P=0.027). Conclusions: The prevalence rate of Ascaris lumbricoides among the school-age children in the Cagayan Valley shows the need to further intensify intervention in the area to meet the threshold set by the World Health Organization. The identified predictors of infection, which concerns the school-age children's knowledge and attitude toward STH, can be used in augmenting intervention programs in the future.
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Introduction: The knowledge of polychaetes from Oaxaca, Mexico, is represented by 41 families and 241 species, nevertheless, 148 species are considered questionable. The majority of taxonomic studies of polychaetes in Oaxaca have taken placed on estuarine zones or commercial ports, sidelining other marine ecosystems. Objective: To identify the polychaeta-fauna from three different marine ecosystems in Oaxaca, Mexico. Methods: Specimens analyzed came from the Sección de poliquetos de la Colección Científica at the Laboratorio de Sistemática de Invertebrados Marinos, Universidad del Mar. The material deposited in the collection was collected between 2007-2017; additionally, new collect were realized in 2017. For each locality, the family and species richness were estimated using the accumulation function of linear dependence model. Results: One hundred lots and 273 specimens were revised. Seventy-one taxa, belonging to 47 genera and 21 families were identified, only twenty of these taxa are confirmed species (28 %). Chacahua Lagoon had the highest richness and relative abundance with 37 taxa and 149 specimens, Agua Blanca was identified 21 taxa and 92 specimens, and from San Agustín 19 taxa and 32 specimens. Sabellariidae had the highest relative abundance (58 specimens), while Phyllodocidae presented the highest species richness (12 species). Conclusions: This study adds 75 new records of taxa of polychaetes to the coast Oaxaca, which increase the knowledge in this animal group, now represented by 304 species, belonging to 154 genera and 42 families.
Introducción: El conocimiento de poliquetos en Oaxaca, México, está representado por 41 familias y 241 especies, sin embargo, 148 especies son consideradas cuestionables. La mayoría de los estudios taxonómicos de poliquetos en Oaxaca se han enfocado en zonas estuarinas o puertos comerciales, dejando de lado otros ecosistemas marinos. Objetivo: Identificar la poliqueto-fauna de tres ecosistemas diferentes de Oaxaca. Métodos: Los especímenes analizados pertenecen a la Sección de poliquetos de la Colección Científica del Laboratorio de Sistemática de Invertebrados Marinos, Universidad del Mar. El material depositado en la colección fue colectado entre 2007-2017; adicionalmente, se realizaron nuevas colectas en 2017. Para cada localidad, la riqueza de especies y familias fue estimada utilizando la función de acumulación del modelo de dependencia lineal. Resultados: Se revisaron 100 lotes y 273 especímenes. Se identificaron 71 taxones, pertenecientes a 47 géneros y 21 familias, solo 20 de estos taxones corresponden a nombres específicos (28 %). La Laguna de Chacahua presentó la mayor riqueza y abundancia relativa con 37 taxones y 149 especímenes, en Agua Blanca se identificaron 21 taxones y 92 especímenes, y para San Agustín 19 taxones y 32 especímenes. La familia Sabellariidae tuvo la mayor abundancia relativa (58 especímenes), mientras que Phyllodocidae presentó la mayor riqueza de especies (12 especies). Conclusiones: Con este estudio se añaden 75 nuevos registros de poliquetos para la costa de Oaxaca, incrementando el conocimiento de este grupo, ahora representado por 304 especies pertenecientes a 154 géneros y 42 familias.
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Introducción: Desde un punto de vista global, los poliquetos que habitan en la comunidad pelágica han sido poco estudiados, aunque son un eslabón importante en las cadenas alimentarias de los ecosistemas marinos. Objetivo: Este trabajo contribuye al conocimiento de esta importante comunidad, analizando la riqueza y la densidad de los poliquetos. Métodos: Las muestras de plancton se tomaron en 17 localidades durante mayo y diciembre de 2013 en el área de estudio, mediante arrastres superficiales en una embarcación con un motor fuera de borda. Utilizamos una red con un diámetro de boca de 0.3 m, una longitud de 1.30 m y una abertura de malla de 0.3 mm. De cada muestra recolectada, los poliquetos se separaron y determinaron al nivel taxonómico más bajo posible. Resultados: Cuantificamos un total de 1873 individuos, con una variación importante en la densidad relativa, ya que en mayo se registraron 7 952.0 ind/100m3, mientras que en diciembre solo hubo 882.1 ind/100m3. Se analizaron las diferencias en la composición y densidad de los poliquetos determinados, de los cuales la proporción más alta pertenece a las formas larvales de las poblaciones bentónicas (meroplancton) y la más baja a los organismos del holoplancton. Durante los dos periodos de estudio se observaron trece familias, de las cuales, Sabellariidae, Spionidae, Chaetopteridae, Magelonidae, Iospilidae y Typhloscolecidae fueron comunes en ambos periodos, mientras que Aphroditidae, Syllidae, Phyllodocidae y Alciopidae fueron exclusivas de mayo y Serpullidae, Sabellidae y Lopadorhynchidae solo se encontraron en diciembre. Conclusiones: Es importante señalar que las variaciones observadas proporcionan valiosa información sobre los ciclos de vida y los aspectos biogeográficos de los poliquetos en el área de estudio.
Introduction: From a global point of view, polychaetes that inhabit in the pelagic community have been little studied, although they are an important link in the food chains of marine ecosystems. Objective: To analyze the local richness and density of polychaetes. Methods: Plankton samples were taken in 17 localities during May and December 2013, through surface trawls in a barge with an outboard motor. We used a net with 0.3 m mouth diameter, 1.30 m long and a 0.3 mm aperture mesh. From each collected sample, polychaetes were separated and determined at the lowest possible taxonomic level. Results: We collected a total of 1 873 individuals, with an important variation in relative density, since in May 7 952.0 ind/100m3 were recorded, while in December there were only 882.1 ind/100m3. The differences in the composition and density of the determined polychaetes, were analyzed, of which the highest proportion belongs to the larval forms of the benthic (meroplankton) populations, and the lowest proportion to holoplankton organisms. During the two periods of study were observed thirteen families, from which Sabellariidae, Spionidae, Chaetopteridae, Magelonidae, Iospilidae and Typhloscolecidae were common in both periods, while Aphroditidae, Syllidae, Phyllodocidae and Alciopidae were observed only in May, and Serpulidae, Sabellidae and Lopadorhynchidae were observed only in December. Conclusions: It is important to point out that the observed variations provide valuable information about the life cycles and the biogeographic aspects of the polychaetes in the study area.
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BACKGROUND Angiostrongyliasis is caused by the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis and can lead to eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis in humans. The young adult worms play central pathogenic roles in the central nervous system (CNS); however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) are good investigation targets for studying the relationship between a host and its parasite. OBJECTIVES We aimed to profile, identify, and characterise the proteins in the ESPs of A. cantonensis young adults. METHODS The ESPs of young adult worms were collected from culture medium after incubation ranging from 24 to 96 h. Proteomic and bioinformatics analyses were performed to characterise the ESPs. FINDINGS A total of 51 spots were identified, and the highly expressed proteins included two protein disulphide isomerases, one calreticulin, and three uncharacterised proteins. Subsequently, approximately 254 proteins were identified in the ESPs of A. cantonensis young adults via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, and these were further classified according to their characteristics and biological functions. Finally, we identified the immunoreactive proteins from a reference map of ESPs from A. cantonensis young adults. Approximately eight proteins were identified, including a protein disulphide isomerase, a putative aspartic protease, annexin, and five uncharacterised proteins. The study established and identified protein reference maps for the ESPs of A. cantonensis young adults. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The identified proteins may be potential targets for the development of diagnostic or therapeutic agents for human angiostrongyliasis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Adult , Parasite Egg Count , Angiostrongylus cantonensis/parasitology , Feces/parasitologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To explore the correlation between knee osteoarthritis synovitis and traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of knee osteoarthritis.@*METHODS@#From January 2015 to June 2018, 213 patients with knee osteoarthritis were selected for traditional Chinese medicine syndrome differentiation and typing, and their MRI images were scored by WORMS. Meanwhile, the correlation between synovitis and traditional Chinese medicine syndromes in WORMS score was analyzed.@*RESULTS@#Among 213 patients, 25 (11.7%) were wind-cold-dampness arthralgia syndrome, 84 (39.4%) were rheumatic-heat arthralgia syndrome, 43(20.2%) were blood stasis arthralgia syndrome, 61(28.6%) were liver and kidney deficiency syndrome; 12 (5.6%) were synovitis score 0, 60(28.2%) were synovitis score 1, 50(23.5%) were synovitis score 2, 91(42.7%) were 3 points in WORMS score, and there was significant difference in correlation analysis. Three points group was more likely to occur in rheumatic fever arthralgia syndrome(²=137.286, =0.000).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Rheumatic fever arthralgia type(39.4%, 84/213) is the main clinical manifestation of knee osteoarthritis synovitis, which has certain guiding significance for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Arthralgia , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Osteoarthritis, Knee , Syndrome , SynovitisABSTRACT
Krimi exist its importance in Medical science from ages. Starting from Rig Veda to Samhita Krimi is accepted as a causative factor of diseases. Though there is mention of non-pathological Krimi in the texts, but elaboration not done. Whereas, there is wide narration of pathological Krimi found in different Samhita. Description of etiologies, habitat, nomenclature, morphology, and clinical conditions produced due to Krimi is done by different Acharyas. The clinical conditions produced due to Krimi in host may be broadly categorized under GIT ailments, skin ailments and features of Anemia. Regarding management of Krimi, there is sufficient explanation of treatment principles in Samhita. Various research works have been done concerning treatment aspects of Krimi. These clinical studies emphasize the effect of herbal, mineral or herbomineral drug preparations on certain parasite or protozoan. Only few studies have been done in Ayurveda to find out the type of Krimi infection/infestation based on the division of Krimi. Some research workers had tried to correlate the Krimi with few parasites only. The correlation of Krimi with the contemporary infectious microbes may be done by examining the resemblance of their habitat, morphology and effect on host. But it is a difficult task to correlate Krimi with modern due to lack of detail description of individual Krimi. Under the word Krimi all micro organisms like bacteria, virus, parasite, and fungus can be included. In this article effort has been made to describe the concept of Krimi from different Ayurvedic treatises and also to correlate them with similar microbes and parasites based on their habitat and effect on human body.
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Abstract:Reports on the abundances and on metal concentrations in intertidal estuarine invertebrates from the Eastern Tropical Pacific are rare. Thus, the objectives of this report are to make accessible data on the abundances (1984-1987, 49 dates; 2013, 12 dates) of sipunculans, brachiopods and hemichordates from a sand-mud flat; and on trace metals (1996, 2000) and abundances (2015, 3 dates) of sipunculans and brachiopods at a sand flat in the Gulf of Nicoya estuary (10o N-85o W). Cores (17.7 cm2) were collected at the sand-mud flat, and quadrats (0.2 m2) at the sand flat. The flats contrasted in their sand (65 % vs 90 %) and silt+clay (31.5 % vs 5.6 %) contents. At the sand-mud flat (1984-87: 1.83 m2) the sipunculans were represented by 13 individuals, the brachiopods by 129 and the acorn worms by 185, with estimated maximum densities of: 5.7, 29, and 40 ind./m2, respectively. Trace metal (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Zn, and Pb) analysis (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry) were conducted in specimens of Sipunculus nudus (Sipuncula) and Glottidia audebarti (Brachiopoda). Maximum mean concentrations in S. nudus were: For non-depurated worms, Fe (16.0 mg/g dw) > Mn (165 µg/g dw) > Zn (81 µg/g dw) > Cu (26 µg/g dw) > Cr (11 µg/g dw) > Ni (10.4 µg/g dw) > Pb (9.3 µg/g dw) > Cd (1.2 µg/g dw). For 72 hour depurated worms: Fe (5.0 mg/g dw) > Mn (61 µg/g dw) > Zn (39 µg/g dw) > Cu (24 µg/g dw) > Ni (8.4 µg/g dw) > Pb (2.7 µg/g dw) > Cd (0.62 µg/g dw). For G. audebarti: Fe (1.6 mg/g dw-soft parts) > Zn (123.5 µg/g dw-soft parts) > Cu (31.4 µg/g dw-pedicles) > Pb (21.0 µg/g dw-shells) > Cd (5.2 µg/g dw-soft parts) > Cr (4.7 µg/g dw-shells). For sediments; Fe (46 mg/g dw) > Mn (41.3 µg/g dw) > Zn (63 µg/g dw) > Cu (36.2 µg/g dw) > Cr (31.5 µg/g dw) > Pb (21.1 µg/g dw) > Ni (16.1 µg/g dw) > Cd (1.1 µg/g dw). These concentrations were expected for a nonindustrialized estuary. At the sand flat (Area sampled: 10.6 m2 ) 76 individuals of G. audebarti, 112 of G. albida, and 366 of S. nudus were collected in 2015, with estimated maximum densities of: 7.1, 10.5, and 31 ind./m2, respectively. Densities of G. audebarti and G. albida were relatively low, while those of S. nudus were relatively high when compared with other reports. The shell lenght of G. audebarti ranged from 9.0 mm to 38.0 mm and from 6.0 mm to 29.0 mm for G. albida. These ranges were within those found for these lingulides elsewhere. The mean length of S. nudus was 41 mm and the maximum weight was 1.6 g, which are small. No brachiopods were found at the sand-mud flat in 2013, nor enteropneusts at the sand flat in 2015. G. audebarti had a relatively stable presence, while G. albida almost vanished from the samples at the end of 2015. The spatial distributions of the three invertebrates were found aggregated at both intertidal flats. Strong ENSO warming events during 1983 and 2015, and red tides in 1985 may have influenced the abundances. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1311-1331. Epub 2016 September 01.
ResumenSon raros los reportes sobre las abundancias y concentraciones de metales en invertebrados estuarinos de la zona de entre-mareas del Pacífico Este Tropical. Los objetivos de este informe son el hacer accesibles datos sobre las abundancias (1984-1987, 49 fechas; 2013, 12 fechas) de sipuncúlidos, braquiópodos y hemicordados en una planicie arenoso-fangosa y sobre metales traza (1996, 2000) y abundancias (2015, 3 fechas) de sipuncúlidos y braquiópodos en una planicie arenosa en el estuario del Golfo de Nicoya (10o N-85o W). Barrenos (17.7 cm2) fueron recolectados en la planicie arenoso-fangosa y cuadrantes (0.2 m2) en la arenosa. Las planicies contrastaron en sus contenidos de arena (65 % vs 90 %) y de limo + arcilla (31.5 % vs 5.6 %). En la planicie arenoso-fangosa (1984-87: 1.83 m2) los sipuncúlidos estuvieron representados por 13 individuos, los braquiópodos por 129 y los hemicordados enteropneustos por 185, con densidades estimadas de: 5.7, 29, y 40 ind. /m2, respectivamente. Análisis de metales traza (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Zn, y Pb) por Espectrometría de Absorción Atómica (AAS) fueron hechos en especímenes de Sipunculus nudus (Sipuncula) y Glottidia audebarti (Brachiopoda). Concentraciones máximas promedio en S. nudus fueron: para gusanos no-depurados, Fe (16.0 mg/g dw) > Mn (165 µg/g dw) > Zn (81 µg/g dw) > Cu (26 µg/g dw) > Cr (11 µg/g dw) > Ni (10.4 µg/g dw) > Pb (9.3 µg/g dw) > Cd (1.2 µg/g dw). Para gusanos depurados por 72 horas: Fe (5.0 mg/g dw) > Mn (61 µg/g dw) > Zn (39 µg/g dw) > Cu (24 µg/g dw) > Ni (8.4 µg/g dw) > Pb (2.7 µg/g dw) > Cd (0.62 µg/g dw). Para G. audebarti: Fe (1.6 mg/g dw-partes suaves) > Zn (123.5 µg/g dw-partes suaves) > Cu (31.4 µg/g dwpedículos) > Pb (21.0 µg/g dw-conchas) > Cd (5.2 µg/g dw-partes suaves) > Cr (4.7 µg/g dw-conchas). Para sedimentos; Fe (46 mg/g dw) > Mn (41.3 µg/g dw) > Zn (63 µg/g dw) > Cu (36.2 µg/g dw) > Cr (31.5 µg/g dw) > Pb (21.1 µg/g dw) > Ni (16.1 µg/g dw) > Cd (1.1 µg/g dw). Estas concentraciones fueron esperables para un estuario no industrializado. En la planicie arenosa (Area muestreada: 10.6 m2) 76 individuos de G. audebarti, 112 de G. albida y 366 de S. nudus fueron recolectados en el 2015, con densidades estimadas de: 7.1, 10.5, y 31 ind. /m2, respectivamente. Densidades de G. audebarti y G. albida fueron relativamente bajas, mientras que las de S. nudus fueron relativamente altas cuando se les comparó con otros reportes. La longitud de la concha de G. audebarti varió entre 9.0 mm y 38.0 mm y entre 6.0 mm a 29.0 mm la de G. albida. Estos ámbitos estuvieron dentro de los encontrados para estos lingúlidos en otros sitios. La longitud promedio de S. nudus fue 41 mm y el peso máximo fue de 1.6 g que son pequeños. En la planicie arenoso-fangosa no se encontró braquiópodos en el 2013, ni enteropneustos en la planicie arenosa en el 2015. G. audebarti tuvo una presencia relativamente estable, mientras que G. albida casi desapareció de las muestras al final del 2015. La distribución espacial de las tres especies fue de tipo agregado en ambas planicies. Fuertes eventos ENSO durante 1983 y 2015, así como mareas rojas en 1985, pueden haber influenciado las abundancias.
Subject(s)
Animals , Chordata, Nonvertebrate/physiology , Estuaries , Invertebrates/physiology , Metals/analysis , Nematoda/physiology , Reference Values , Seasons , Seawater/chemistry , Species Specificity , Spectrophotometry, Atomic , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Pacific Ocean , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Population Density , Geologic Sediments , Costa Rica , Spatio-Temporal Analysis , Animal DistributionABSTRACT
Ascaridia galli, the common intestinal nematode, remains a major cause of economic loss in the poultry industry in developing countries. Treatments using chemicals are not only expensive but also affect host health. Plant extracts as better alternative is gaining significance. Here, we have studied the effects of alcoholic extract of turmeric, Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae) roots, against A. galli infection in chicken. Different concentrations of C. longa root extract were tested in vitro on 5 groups of adults A. galli worms and in vivo on 6 groups of chicks. The results showed that the turmeric root extract @ 60 mg mL-1 in vitro significantly (P < 0.001) proved paralytic and fatal against worms (16.80±1.28 h). In vivo, chicken groups (G2-G6) were infected with an average of 300±12 embryonated eggs of A. galli. The G2 was not given any treatment while G3 was treated with piperazine (@ 200 mg kg-1 body wt.); and Groups 4, 5 and 6 were given turmeric @ 200, 400 and 600 mg kg-1 body wt., respectively. The mean number of worms extracted at the end of the trial in G2 (untreated) was 18.10±2.42, while the G3 treated with piperazine had no worms. Groups 4 and 5 did not show any significant difference compared to G2. However, G6 that had 3.20±1.33 worms was statistically significant. Higher concentrations of turmeric given to infected chickens significantly reduced the length and weight of worms. The study showed that the worm infestation damaged the intestinal villi, and treatment with high concentration of C. longa had healing effects and restored the integrity of intestinal mucosa. The results have demonstrated the ameliorating effect of C. longa turmeric on A. galli infested chickens.
ABSTRACT
Problema: En Colombia no hay informes sobre efectos en humanos del tratamiento periódico antihelmíntico-vitamina A. Objetivo: Evaluar efectos de albendazol/pamoato de pirantel-vitamina A trimestrales sobre Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus y sobre niveles séricos de retinol y hemoglobina, en niños del Urabá antioqueño. Metodología: Estudio clínico, aleatorio, con grupos paralelos, cerrado, intervenidos y evaluados cada 3-4 meses por 4 veces, seguidos 12 meses. Intervención: suministro de pamoato de pirantel (pamoato) (< 2 años) o albendazol (≥ 2 años), con o sin vitamina A oral. Resultados: Ingreso: 25% presentó desnutrición crónica y hemoglobina (g/L), 106 g/L en < 2 años y 115 g/L en ≥ 2 años. A) Prevalencias: estrongiloides 7%, uncinarias 29%, áscaris 45%, tricocéfalos 45%. Cambios postratamiento: pamoato únicamente causó reducción de áscaris y, en general, aumentó tricocéfalos y uncinarias. Albendazol: redujo cada helminto, como lo hicieron tratamientos sin este medicamento, pero fue mayor con albendazol. B) Cambio en carga parasitaria: únicas diferencias significativas fueron para tricocéfalos con pamoato-vitamina y albendazol-vitamina, por aumento, y áscaris con albendazol-vitamina, por reducción. No hubo diferencia significativa entre ingreso y egreso en niveles de hemoglobina ni retinol en ninguno de los cuatro tratamientos. Conclusiones: En general, no hubo efecto del albendazol sobre la carga helmintiana, pero sí efecto moderado sobre la prevalencia de uncinarias, áscaris y tricocéfalos. Quizás la desparasitación de solo parte de la población < 15 años, sin tratar el resto de convivientes, y el mantenimiento de muy deficientes condiciones de vida expliquen estos resultados.
Problem: There are no reports about the effect of periodic anthelminthic-vitamin A treatment in humans In Colombia. Objective: To evaluate effects of albendazole/ pamoate pyrantel-vitamin A administered quarterly on Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Necator americanus, and on serum retinol and hemoglobin levels in children from Urabá (Antioquia, Colombia). Methodology: Clinical, randomized, controlled trial with parallel groups intervened and evaluated each 3-4 months for 4 times, followed 12 months. Intervention: administration of pyrantel pamoate (pamoate) (< 2 years) or albendazole (≥ 2 years), with or without oral vitamin A. Results: Entry: 25% presented chronic malnutrition and hemoglobin, 10.6 g/L (< 2 years) and 11.5 g/L (≥ 2 years). A) Prevalence: strongyloides 7%, uncinaria 29%, ascaris 45%, whipworms 45%. Post-treatment changes: pamoate only caused reduction of ascaris and, in general, increased whipworms and uncinarias. Albendazole: reduced the prevalence of each helminth, as treatments without this medication did, but it was higher in treatments with albendazole. B) Change in parasite load: only significant differences were for whipworms with pamoate-vitamin and albendazole-vitamin, because of increase, and ascaris with albendazole-vitamin, because of reduction. No significant difference between entry and leave in hemoglobin or retinol levels in any of the four treatment groups. Conclusions: Overall, there was no effect of albendazole on helminth communities, but there was moderate effect on prevalence of uncinaria, ascaris and whipworms. Possibly deworming only part of the population < 15 years without treating the rest of cohabitants, and the maintenance of very poor living conditions can explain these results.
ABSTRACT
As estratégias brasileiras de controle das geohelmintíases têm sido alinhadas àquelas propostas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde, o tratamento periódico coletivo de crianças em idade escolar com drogas anti-helmínticas. Esta estratégia potencialmente leva a um desconhecimento dos cenários epidemiológicos regionais. O presente estudo visou estimar a prevalência e a distribuição das parasitoses intestinais em um município da Região dos Carnaubais, no estado do Piauí. Foi realizado um estudo transversal incluindo 81 famílias e 298 pessoas. As técnicas parasitológicas utilizadas foram o Ritchie, Faust, Kato-Katz e Baerman-Moraes. As prevalências dos diferentes parasitas intestinais foram as seguintes: ancilostomídeos, 14,1% (42/298); Strongyloides stercoralis,0,34% (1/298), Enterobius vermiculares, 3% (9/298) e Rodentolepis nana, 0,34% (1/298), Giardiaintestinalis, 8,4% (25/298) e E. histolytica/E. dispar, 1,3% (4/298). Dos participantes positivos,76,3% (87/114) estavam mono parasitados e 23,6% (27/114) apresentavam dois agentes parasitário sou mais. Entre as 42 pessoas com ancilostomíase, foi possível determinar a carga parasitária de 27(64,3%). Entre estas, 24 (89%) tinham infecções de baixa intensidade caracterizadas por carga parasitária inferior a 2.000 ovos por grama (opg) de fezes, com média de 318 ± 348 opg.Observaram-se 3 pessoas (11,1%) com infecções de média intensidade (2.000 a 3.999 opg). Há uma tendência de aumento da intensidade da infecção com a redução da idade (R = -0,26), porém sem significância estatística (p = 0,195). Foram medidos 17 exemplares de ovos de ancilostomídeos. O comprimento dos ovos variou entre 53,52 µm e 65,7 µm, com média de 61 ± 3,4 µm. A largura variou entre 37,32 µm e 43,15 µm, com média de 40,29 ± 1,94 µm. Desta forma, o comprimento e alargura de todos os ovos é compatível com ancilostomídeos, Observaram-se casos de ancilostomíase em quase todas as localidades pesquisadas...
Brazilian strategies for soil transmitted helminthiases (STH) control have been aligned to thoseproposed by the World Health Organization, the collective and periodic treatment of schoolchildren with anthelmintic drugs. This strategy potentially leads to a lack of regionalepidemiological scenarios. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and distributionof STHs in the state of Piaui. A cross-sectional study including 81 families and 298 subjects wasconducted. Parasitological techniques used were Ritchie, Faust, Kato-Katz and Baerman-Moraes.The prevalence of different intestinal parasites were: hookworms, 14.1% (42/298); Strongyloidesstercoralis, 0.34% (1/298), Enterobius vermicularis, 3% (9/298), Rodentolepis nana, 0.34%(1/298), Giardia intestinalis, 8.4% (25/298) and E. histolytica / E.dispar, 1.3% (4/298). Amongpositive participants, 76.3% (87/114) had one parasite and 23.6% (27/114) had two or moreparasitic organisms. Among 42 subjects with hookworms, we determined the parasite load of 27(64.3%). Among these, 24 (89%) had low intensity infections characterized by parasitic loadbelow 2,000 eggs per gram (EPG) of feces, averaging 318 ± 348 epg. Three persons wereobserved (11.1%) with moderate intensity of infection (2000-3999 epg). There is a trend ofincreasing intensity of infection with decreasing age (R = -0.26), but without statisticalsignificance (p = 0.195). 17 samples of hookworm eggs were measured. The length of the eggsranged between 53.52 m and 65.7 µm averaging 61 ± 3.4 µm. The width varied between 37.32µm and 43.15 µm averaging 40.29 ± 1.94 µm. Thus, the length and width of all eggs iscompatible with hookworms. Cases of hookworm infection were observed in almost all studiedlocations...
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Ancylostomiasis , Infections , Public HealthABSTRACT
Onychophora have undergone a new wave of taxonomic revisions in the last three years. After a recent revision, only two species of Macroperipatus are registered from Brazil: Macroperipatus ohausi and Macroperipatus geayi. The former was only the second species of Onychophora to be described from Brazil, and is herein redescribed, illustrated, and its taxonomic status revised. Macroperipatus ohausi had only been collected at the type locality, Petrópolis, state of Rio de Janeiro, but has not been found there since its discovery. In 2009 we collected two specimens of this species in an Atlantic rain forest fragment in Nova Iguaçu in RPPN dos Petroleiros (also state of Rio de Jane iro). The color of the new specimens was interpreted and described based on the NBS/ISCC System of Color Designation, and corresponds only weakly to that described in earlier publications on M. ohausi. The identification of M. ohausi was based solely on its morphology and compared with its original description. In addition, a female syntype of M. ohausi deposited in the Zoologisches Museum (Hamburg) was examined. We reinvestigated its external morphology and concluded that the dorsal papillae have been misinterpreted in M. ohausi in previous studies of its integument. The new specimens examined are conspecific with M. ohausi mainly by having conical primary papillae, different sized accessory papillae, and by the number of legs. Our material resembles the original description of M. ohausi, for example, in spinous pad and nephridial tubercles, even though these features are not represented in the original description and rede- scription of M. ohausi; these features are further detailed here. We concluded that the dorsal papillae morphology of M. ohausi, shares diagnostic characters, for example, with representatives of the genera Peripatus and Epiperipatus. The dorsal papillae are rounded and not square as in the original description and redescription. Another argument that supports our conclusion is that the RPPN dos Petroleiros, the locality where the new samples were collected, belongs to the same mountain chain and Atlantic mosaic as the original material of M. ohausi. Furthermore, a male of M. ohausi is described here for the first time. Based on our morphological data, we transfered this species to the genus Epiperipatus, proposing a new combination, E. ohausi.
Onychophora experimentó una nueva serie de revisiones taxonómicas en los últimos tres años. Después de una reciente revisión, sólo dos especies de Macroperipatus fueron registradas para Brasil: Macroperipatus ohausi y Macroperipatus geayi. La primera fue solo la segunda especie de Onychophora en ser descrita en Brasil y aquí es redescrita, ilustrada, y su estatus taxonómico revisado. Macroperipatus ohausi sólo se había recolectado en la localidad tipo, Petropolis, Estado de Rio de Janeiro, pero no se ha encontrado allí desde su descubrimiento. En 2009, recolectamos dos ejemplares de esta especie en un fragmento de la ‘Mata Atlantica’ en Nova Iguaçu en el RPPN de los Petroleiros (también en el estado de Rio de Janeiro). El color de los ejemplares nuevos fue interpretado y descrito, basado en el sistema NBS System/ISCC de designación de colores, y correspondió débilmente al descrito en publicaciones anteriores sobre M. ohausi. La identificación de M. ohausi se basó únicamente en su morfología, en comparación con la descripción original. Además, se examinó un sintipo hembra de M. ohausi depositado en Zoologisches Museum (Hamburgo). Nosotros reinvestigamos su morfología externa y concluimos que las papilas dorsales fueron mal interpretadas en M. ohausi en los estudios previos de su integumento. Los nuevos especímenes examinados son coespecíficos con M. ohausi principalmente por tener las papilas primarias cónicas, diferente tamaño de las papilas accesorias, y por el número de patas. Nuestro material se asemeja a la descripción original de M. ohausi, por ejemplo, la almohadilla espinosa y tubérculos nefridiales, aunque estas características no están representadas en la descripción original y redescripcion de M. ohausi, estas características también se detallan aquí. Llegamos a la conclusión de que la morfología de las papilas dorsales de M. ohausi, comparte caracteres de diagnóstico, por ejemplo, con los representantes de los géneros Peripatus y Epiperipatus. Las papilas dorsales son redondeadas y no cuadradas como en la descripción original y redescripción. Otro argumento que apoya nuestra conclusión es que la RPPN dos Petroleiros, la ubicación en la que se recogieron las nuevas muestras, pertenece a la misma cadena de montañas y al mosaico Atlántico, tal como el material original de M. ohausi. Por otra parte, se describe aquí por primera vez un macho de M. ohausi. Basado en nuestros datos morfológicos, transferimos esta especie al género Epiperipatus, que propone una nueva combinación, E. ohausi.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Invertebrates/anatomy & histology , Invertebrates/classificationABSTRACT
Small and isolated wildlife populations may be more susceptible to disease, which makes illness an important issue to investigate regarding the conservation of large carnivores. Here, we present the results of the first investigation of intestinal parasites in one of the last remaining populations of jaguars in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We studied parasites from fecal samples using three different techniques for parasitological examination: floatation in saturated sodium chloride solution, sedimentation and formalin-ether centrifugation. Intestinal parasites were detected in 70% of the analyzed samples, and seven taxa (mean = 3.7 taxa/sample) were identified. All the groups of parasites that were identified have been recorded in previous jaguar studies. However, the records of Class Trematoda and nematodes Trichuridae are the first evidence of these groups of worms in free-ranging jaguars in Brazil. Although our results do not provide conclusive evidence on the health of this jaguar population, given its very small size (approximately 20 animals) we stress the need to properly understand the dynamics of disease in this wild population and to evaluate the risk of contracting new diseases from domestic species inhabiting the neighboring areas. These represent imperative actions for the successful conservation of this threatened population of jaguar.
Populações pequenas e isoladas são mais suscetíveis a doenças, o que torna a investigação de enfermidades uma questão importante para a conservação de grandes carnívoros. O presente estudo apresenta os resultados da primeira investigação de parasitos intestinais em uma das últimas populações remanescentes de onça-pintada na Mata Atlântica brasileira. Os parasitos foram obtidos a partir de amostras fecais, sendo utilizadas três técnicas para exame parasitológico: flutuação em solução saturada de cloreto de sódio (Método de Willis), sedimentação (Método de HPJ) e centrifugação com formol-éter. Parasitos intestinais foram detectados em 70% das amostras analisadas, tendo sido identificados sete táxons (média = 3,7 taxa/amostra). Todos os grupos de parasitos identificados foram mencionados em estudos anteriores realizados com onças-pintadas. Entretanto, os registros de Trematoda e nematoides Trichuridae aqui obtidos representam a primeira evidência desses grupos de vermes em onças-pintadas de vida livre no Brasil. Embora os resultados obtidos não sejam conclusivos quanto à saúde da população estudada, em virtude do tamanho populacional reduzido (aproximadamente 20 indivíduos), recomenda-se a investigação da dinâmica de doenças, bem como a avaliação do risco de contração de novas doenças a partir do contato com animais domésticos provenientes do entorno da área estudada. Essas investigações são fundamentais para a conservação dessa população ameaçada de onças-pintadas.
Subject(s)
Animals , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary , Intestines/parasitology , Panthera/parasitology , Brazil , Forests , Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/epidemiologyABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal and renal helminths from naturally infected Zenaida auriculata captured in Londrina, Paraná State. Two hundred and one Eared doves were trapped and the gastrointestinal and renal helminths were collected and identified according to morphological structures. One hundred and sixteen (57.71%) doves were parasitized by helminths with specific prevalences for Ornithostrongylus quadriradiatus in 50 doves (24.88%), Ascaridia columbae in 47 (23.38%), Paratanaisia bragai and P. confusa in 34 (16.92%),Tetrameres fissispina in 17 (8.46%), Synhimantus nasuta in 14 (6.47%), Brachylaima mazzantii in 4 (1.99%) and Raillietina allomyodes in 2 doves (1.00%). Seventy four/201 (37.00%) birds were infected with only one species, and 96/201 (48.00%) pigeons were infected with nematodes. The association between different classes of helminths occurred in 40/201 (20.00%) animals. The results showed statistically differences between the presence of nematode (p = 0.00001) and trematode species (p ≤ 0.05) in the doves, and there was an association between the local of capture and the presence of trematodes and A. columbae (p ≤ 0.05). This study is the first to report the infection of Z. auriculata from Brazil with O. quadriradiatus, A. columbae, T. fissispina, S. nasuta, R. allomyodes, P. bragai and P. confusa.
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de helmintos gastrintestinais e renais de Zenaida auriculata naturalmente infectados capturados em Londrina, Paraná. Duzentos e um pombos-de-bando foram capturados e os helmintos gastrintestinais e renais foram coletados e identificados de acordo com as estruturas morfológicas. Cento e dezesseis (57,71%) pombos estavam parasitados por helmintos com as seguintes prevalências: Ornithostrongylus quadriradiatus em 50 pombos (24,88%), seguido por Ascaridia columbae em 47 (23,38%), Paratanaisia bragai e P. confusa em 34 (16,92%), Tetrameres fissispina em 17 (8,46%), Synhimantus nasuta em 14 (6,47%), Brachylaima mazzantii em 4 (1,99%) e Raillietina allomyodes em 2 pombos (1,00%). Setenta e quatro/201 (37,00%) aves apresentaram-se infectadas por apenas uma espécie, e 96/201 (48,00%) pombos com nematodas. A associação entre diferentes classes de helmintos ocorreu em 40/201 (20,00%) animais. Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatísticas entre a presença de nematodas (p = 0,00001) e trematodas (p ≤ 0,05) em pombos, e houve associação entre o local de captura e a presença de trematodas e A. columbae (p ≤ 0,05). Este trabalho é o primeiro a relatar a infecção de Z. auriculata no Brasil com O. quadriradiatus, A. columbae, T. fissispina, S. nasuta, R. allomyodes, P. bragaie P. confusa.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Helminths/anatomy & histology , Columbidae/parasitology , Gastrointestinal Tract/parasitology , Helminths/isolation & purification , Kidney/parasitology , BrazilABSTRACT
Nas últimas décadas a pecuária ovina cresceu significativamente no Brasil. Concomitantemente, grupos de pesquisas e laboratórios de diagnósticos realizam estudos retrospectivos com a finalidade de fornecer subsídios técnico-científicos para os médicos veterinários. Desta forma, realizou-se um estudo de prevalência nos arquivos do Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica Animal (LAP) da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS) no período de Janeiro de 1996 a Dezembro de 2010. O Laboratório de Bacteriologia da UFMS e o Setor de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul forneceram apoio diagnóstico nos casos de mannheimiose pulmonar e scrapie, respectivamente. Os laudos da espécie ovina foram revisados e agrupados em conclusivos e inconclusivos, dos quais foram excluídos os casos experimentais e de outros estados e países. Os casos conclusivos foram classificados de acordo com a etiologia da doença. Os exames da espécie ovina somaram 331 laudos (3,97 %) de um total de 8.333 casos diagnosticados no período. Destes, foram excluídos sessenta e quatro (19,3%) casos experimentais e materiais oriundos de outros estados ou países. Dos 267 casos remanescentes, 87 (32,6%) foram inconclusivos e 180 (67,4%) considerados conclusivos, sendo 60 (33,3%) doenças infecciosas e parasitárias; 45 (25%) intoxicações e toxi-infecções; 41 (22,8%) "lesões sem causa definida"; 22 (12,2%) doenças metabólicas e nutricionais; 10 (5,6%) foram classificadas como "outros distúrbios" e 2 (1,1%) neoplasmas. A hemoncose, intoxicação por Brachiaria spp., pleuropneumonias, broncopneumonias, pneumonias fibrinonecrosante ou fibrinossupurativa sem causa definida e a intoxicação por cobre foram as doenças mais prevalentes no período estudado. Dois casos de scrapie foram diagnosticados no período.
Sheep farming has increased significantly in Brazil during the last decades. Concurrently, research groups and diagnostic laboratories compile data and perform retrospective studies to provide important insight for professionals. A prevalence study from January 1996 to December 2010 was carried out in the archives of Laboratório de Anatomia Patológica Animal (LAP), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS). Laboratório de Bacteriologia, UFMS, and Setor de Patologia Veterinária at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul helped on the diagnostic of pulmonary mannheimiosis and scrapie respectively. The reports for sheep were reviewed and grouped into conclusive and inconclusive ones. The conclusive cases were classified according to the etiology of the disease. In the period, 331 exams (3.97%) were done. Sixty-four experimental cases and materials from other states or countries (19.3%) were excluded. Remaining cases (267), eighty-seven (32.6%) were inconclusive and 180 (67.4%) were considered conclusive reports, were classified according to the etiology: 60 (33.3%) infectious and parasitary diseases; 45 (25%) were poisonings and toxi-infections; 41 (22.8%) were summarized as "injuries without apparent cause"; 22 (12.2%) cases of metabolic and nutritional diseases; 10 (5.6%) were classified as "other disorders" and 2 (1.1%) case of neoplasms. Haemonchosis, fibrinonecrotic or fibrinopurulent pleuropneumonia, bronchopneumonia and pneumonia, poisonings by Brachiaria spp. and copper poisoning were the most prevalent diseases in sheep. Two cases of scrapie have been diagnosed in this period.
Subject(s)
Animals , Sheep/microbiology , Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic/diagnosis , Pasteurellosis, Pneumonic/prevention & control , Retrospective Studies , Scrapie/diagnosis , Scrapie/prevention & control , Bronchopneumonia/veterinary , Copper , Haemonchiasis/veterinary , Pleuropneumonia/veterinaryABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Indigenous larvivorous fishes bear potential for regulating vector mosquitoes through trophic interactions. The mosquito prey preference of five indigenous larvivorous fishes in the presence of alternative food items was assessed to highlight their use in mosquito vector management. Methods: Laboratory experiments were carried out using the larvivorous fishes Ambassis (=Chanda) nama, Parambassis (=Chanda) ranga, Colisa fasciatus, Esomus danricus and Aplocheilus panchax, as predators and IV instar Culex quinquefasciatus larvae as target prey. Mosquito prey preference of these fishes in the presence of chironomid larvae, tubificid worms and artificial fish foods, in varied proportions, were assessed using preference index. Results: The fishes consumed considerable amount of mosquito larvae both in absence and presence of alternative food items. However, the positive selectivity for mosquito larvae at all densities were significantly (p <0.05) affected by the alternative foods. The chironomid larvae and tubificid worms were consumed proportionately higher than expected (p <0.05), while the artificial fish food was consumed at lower than expected proportions (p <0.05). The niche overlap was significantly similar among the fish species suggesting likeliness in predation pattern and prey preference. Interpretation & conclusion: The results reflect that the alternative food items influence the mosquito prey selectivity and thus the efficacy of indigenous larvivorous fishes. While use of these fishes in the wetlands and allied mosquito larval habitats in different parts of the country is suggested, impact of the alternative prey may affect the successful regulation of mosquitoes. Assessment of appropriate predator-prey ratio under natural habitat conditions is recommended to enhance successful mosquito control by these fishes.
ABSTRACT
Pentastomida is a taxon of parasitic organisms infecting generally the respiratory system of vertebrates, mainly reptiles. Although this taxon is very important for understanding the phylogeny of the Metazoa, it has received little attention. In Brazil, there are few collections that include species of pentastomids, that is, only the Helminthological Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute (CHIOC), the Invertebrate Collection of the Zoology Laboratory of the Regional University of Cariri (LAZ-URCA) and the Helminthological Collection of the Botucatu Institute of Biosciences (CHIBB). The present study describes the species of pentastomids deposited in CHIBB. When found, the pentastomids were mounted on slides in Hoyer's medium and identified. Four species of pentastomids were recognised and three others were identified at the genus level, while four new hosts for the species of pentastomids were recorded.
Pentastomida é um táxon de organismos parasitas obrigatórios de sistema respiratório de vertebrados, principalmente répteis. Embora esse táxon seja muito importante para a compreensão da filogenia dos Metazoa, tem recebido pouca atenção. No Brasil, existem poucas coleções que abrigam espécies de pentastomídeos, quais sejam: a Coleção Helmintológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (CHIOC), a Coleção de Invertebrados do Laboratório de Zoologia da Universidade Regional do Cariri (LAZ-URCA) e a Coleção Helmintológica do Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres (LAPAS). O presente trabalho descreve as espécies de pentastomídeos depositados na Coleção Helmintológia do LAPAS. O trato respiratório e as cavidades do corpo dos répteis foram removidos e analisados sob Microscópio Esteroscópico; quando encontrados os pentastomídeos, foram montados slides em meio Hoyer e identificados. Foram identificadas quatro espécies e outras três ficaram identificadas no nível de gênero, tendo sido registrados quatro novos hospedeiros para as espécies de pentastomídeos.
Subject(s)
Animals , Pentastomida/classification , Reptiles/parasitology , Respiratory System/parasitology , BrazilABSTRACT
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de sementes de abóbora e mamão desidratadas e moídas, no controle de helmintos parasitos de Astyanax cf. zonatus. Sessenta peixes foram distribuídos em doze recipientes, um peixe/litro. O experimento constituiu de quatro tratamentos e três repetições: TJ = peixes deixados em jejum; TRC = peixes alimentados com ração comercial; TSA = peixes alimentados ad libitum com abóbora, e TSM = peixes alimentados ad libitum com mamão. Após sete dias de alimentação, todos os peixes foram pesados, e o sangue foi retirado para extensão sanguínea. A eficácia foi determinada, verificando a presença de parasitos nas brânquias, no estômago e no intestino. Os peixes do TJ e TSM apresentaram perda de peso (39 por cento e 25 por cento, respectivamente). O TSA apresentou melhor eficácia no controle de nematóides do intestino e do estômago (95,26 por cento e 92,48 por cento). No controle de monogenéticos TSM promoveu 72 por cento de eficácia. Na hematologia observou-se aumento de monócitos nos peixes do TSM e os valores de eosinofilos diminuíram nos tratamentos TSA, TSM e TRC. Assim pode-se concluir que a alimentação com abóbora pode ser utilizado como um controle alternativo eficaz de nematóides intestinais do lambari.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an alternative method with pumpkin and papaya seeds, dried and ground, for control of helminth parasites of Astyanax cf. zonatus. Sixty fish were distributed into twelve containers, with one fish/liter. The experiment consisted of four treatments and three replications: TJ = fish in fasting; TRC = fish fed with commercial diet; TSA = fish fed ad libitum with pumpkin seed, and TSM = fish fed ad libitum with papaya seeds. After seven days of feeding, all fish were weighed and blood was taken for blood smears. Efficacy was determined by checking the presence of parasites in the gills, stomach and intestine, in 40 percent of fishes per treatment (n=6). TJ and TSM showed 39 percent and 25 percent of weight loss respectively. The TSA showed better efficacy against the nematode in intestine and stomach (95.26 percent and 92.48 percent). The TSM promoted 72 percent of efficiency on monogeneans control. Hematology revealed an increase of monocyte values to treatment TSM. A decrease of eosinophil values was observed in treatments TSA, TSM and TRC. Thus, feeding fishes with pumpkin is a effective alternative method of low cost for control of nematodes in Astianax cf. zonatus.
Subject(s)
Animals , Carica , Cucurbita , Helminths , Fishes/parasitology , Complementary Therapies , Complementary Therapies/veterinary , Stomach , Intestines , Seeds/parasitologyABSTRACT
Onychophorans, or velvet worms, are poorly known and rare animals. Here we report the discovery of a new species that is also the largest onychophoran found so far, a 22cm long female from the Caribbean coastal forest of Costa Rica. Specimens were examined with Scanning Electron Microscopy; Peripatus solorzanoi sp. nov., is diagnosed as follows: primary papillae convex and conical with rounded bases, with more than 18 scale ranks. Apical section large, spherical, with a basal diameter of at least 20 ranks. Apical piece with 6-7 scale ranks. Outer blade 1 principal tooth, 1 accessory tooth, 1 vestigial accessory tooth (formula: 1/1/1); inner blade 1 principal tooth, 1 accessory tooth, 1 rudimentary accessory tooth, 9 to 10 denticles (formula: 1/1/1/9-10). Accessory tooth blunt in both blades. Four pads in the fourth and fifth oncopods; 4th. pad arched. The previously unknown mechanism by which onychophorans weave their adhesive is simple: muscular action produces a swinging movement of the adhesive-spelling organs; as a result, the streams cross in mid air, weaving the net. Like all onychophorans, P. solorzanoi is a rare species: active protection of the habitat of the largest onychophoran ever described, is considered urgent. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (4): 1127-1142. Epub 2010 December 01.
Los onicóforos o "peripatos" son animales escasos y poco conocidos. Aquí informamos el descubrimiento del onicóforo más grandes conocido, una hembra de 22cm de longitud del bosque costero caribeño de Costa Rica. Analizamos los especímenes con microscopia electrónica de barrido. La nueva especie, Peripatus solorzanoi, sp. nov. se caracteriza así: papilas primarias convexas y cónicas, con bases redondeadas y más de 18 filas de escamas de alto. Sección apical grande y esférica, con diámetro basal de al menos 20 filas. Parte apical con 6-7 filas de escamas de alto. Fórmula de lámina mandibular externa 1/1/1, lámina interna: 1/1/1/9-10. Diente accesorio romo en ambas láminas. Cuatro almohadillas en cuarto y quinto oncopodios; cuarta almohadilla arqueada. Describimos el mecanismo, previamente desconocido, mediante el cual tejen su red los onicóforos, usando fotografías para mostrar que es de naturaleza muscular. Como todos los demás onicóforos, P. solorzanoi es una especie escasa: consideramos urgente la protección del hábitat del onicóforo más grande del mundo.